Diversity, Diversity And Inclusion Are Key Components For...

In today’s workforce, diversity and inclusion are key components for organizational success. Companies who realize that their human assets are one of the most, if not the most, important resource available to them aim to create an environment that embraces the similarities and differences present in its employees. Additionally, these organizations create a culture in which inclusion is a core component, advocated and demonstrated at all levels. One diversity characteristic is that of age. Due to many reasons, such as medical advances and the economic recession (Meister Willyerd, 2009), older generations are putting off retirement. This delay in retirement has changed the landscape of today’s workforce; there are currently four distinct generations within the workforce (Coughlin, n.d.) and by 2020, there will be five (Meister Willyerd, 2009). This generational spread creates unique challenges for both managers and employees alike. The Traditionalists Born before 1945, the Traditionalist generation comprises 8% of the U.S. workforce (Murphy, 2007). Having grown up during the Great Depression, this generation views employment as a privilege (Bursch Kelly, 2014). This generation is conservative, in both manner and dress, and holds traditional values of the importance of family, community and country (Murphy, 2007). Traditionalists have strong work ethics, discipline and stability. They value formal authority/subordinate roles and prefer managers who are respectful,Show MoreRelatedBenefits Of Diversity And Inclusion1657 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Diversity and inclusion are hot topics in today’s business world. While treating individuals fairly and equally is a social imperative, it is also extremely important to the success of a business. With the changing demographics of society and its affect on the American workforce, organizations must truly embrace diversity and inclusion. â€Å"For companies to succeed in the global marketplace, they must make the most of the full range of their people. Companies must attract and retain theRead MoreOrganizational Diversity At The Workplace1355 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Diversity in the Workplace I. Introduction: Today, more and more organizations are moving towards the analysis of how to implement diversity as a core value. For an organization to hold people accountable for diversity expectations, leaders must implement, have a clear understanding, and practice diversity policies and procedures (Williams, 2013). By outlining a foundation together with a lateral approach leaders can encourage diversity understanding (Williams, 2013). KnowledgeableRead MoreThe Value Of Ethical Conduct And Managing Diversity Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Issue: The Value of Ethical Conduct and Managing Diversity Review of Subject This essay explores what Organizational Behavior (OB) is and the value of ethical conduct, and discusses the methods of managing diversity taking into consideration socializing and organization culture. OB is a study of the people in organization, about how they work, and how they produce results. Organizational ethical conducts are those morally accepted by the employees, the customers, and the public. It couldRead MoreManagement and Diversity3341 Words   |  14 PagesManaging Careers and Diversity HRM 565: Developing Human Capital Dr. Geraldine Puleo Strayer University December 16, 2012 Abstract Susan Jackson states in Diversity in the Workplace: Human Resource Initiatives that, â€Å"Surveys of business leaders confirm the perception that interest in managing diversity successfully is widespread. In a study of 645 firms, 74% of the respondents were concerned about diversity, and of these about one-third felt that diversity effected corporateRead MoreEnterprise Rent A Car : Sustaining Organizational Learning And A Strong Culture1526 Words   |  7 PagesRent-a-Car: Sustaining Organizational Learning and a Strong Culture Organizational learning helps companies to maintain adaptability and flexibility in the modern business world. A strong culture teaches employees values, views, purpose, belonging, and sense of identity, Enterprise Rent-a-Car strong culture has held the organization together and motivated their employees to do the right thing rather than what is easy. They believe that having a winning culture helps to execute organizational learning andRead MoreOrganizational Culture Assesment1717 Words   |  7 PagesCase Analysis B: Organizational Culture Assessment Life is stressful and the value of the healthy organization is measured by the quality of the work-life balance of the employees. Even the best-managed organizations have stressors occurring on the regular and the irregular periods. Those regular stressors, such as quarterly reports or financial tides are expected. The unplanned and often unsuspected stressors occur within the organization. These unplanned stressors will create chaos and an unhealthyRead MoreThe Ancient Perspective Of Leadership1633 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide a comprehensive info of the learner’s leadership style, its strength and weaknesses. In addition, a probe will be undertaken to discuss the ability to manage change; build and maintain relationship; the tenets of ethical behaviors and diversity and inclusion as associated to the learner’s leadership style. This paper will also explore the skills that make the learner an effective leader and also outline what the learner has achieved from the c ourse to aid her advance and progress into an effectiveRead MoreSalary Issues1584 Words   |  7 PagesReferences Bible Study Tools. New International Version. Retrieved September 2, 2017 from http://www.biblestudytools.com/ Kinicki, A., Fugate, M. (2016). Organizational behavior: A practical, problem-solving approach plus Connect. McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 9781260082203. Fischer, K. (2012). A Worldwide Perspective on Organizational Behavior [Video Presentation]. Weeks 1-3. (Available from Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515) Reply Quote MarkRead MoreEssay on Contributions of Diversity to the Workplace2268 Words   |  10 PagesContributions of Diversity to the Workplace Diverse employees bring a wealth of creativity, insights, and skills to their jobs; it is up to employers to recognize, cultivate, and value these contributions (Walton, Sally, 1994). Diversity is about setting a mindset of valuing the differences in people and recognizing the similarities, it is not only about achieving results. Once this way of thinking is established, the benefits of cultural diversity in the workplace tend to come naturally, (GoesslRead MoreStarbucks Strategy1531 Words   |  7 PagesStarbucks Organizational Culture that has led to its phenomenal success, the effects of managements’ decisions on the company, the one key management competency of the company, and the success of the current CEO and whether Starbucks would be successful without him. 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Care Plan Chronic Heart Failure Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(218) " so made to help the druggist in placing and prioritising any pharmaceutical attention needs that a patient might necessitate or is deprived from in footings of service, which as a consequence influences the therapy6\." Medical intercession contributes to a addition in life anticipation albeit to differing grades depending on mark populations2. Therefore, the quality of services provided is straight relative to the addition in life anticipation. The fleet growing in the Numberss of physicians in the United Kingdom in the last decennary was seen to be a step to suit the lifting figure of hospital admittances that rose as a consequence of the increased life expectancy3. We will write a custom essay sample on Care Plan Chronic Heart Failure Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The physician to population ratio grew from 2/1000 people in 2000 to 2.4/ 1000 people in merely a mere 5 years3. Despite the rapid growing, the ratio is still short as compared to other European states viz. France, Germany or Italy. This is worsened by the fact that the figure of patients treated in NHS infirmaries rose by 15 % at the same clip interval3. It is of import to use the expertness of other health care professionals, viz. community druggists, in support of the increasing figure of patients in the community in order to better patient attention. The World Health Organization defines chronic complaints to be ‘a wellness job necessitating on-going direction over a period of old ages or decennaries ‘ . NHS Scotland has identified that chronic unwellness is farther complicated by demographical alterations, increasing co-morbidities, widening spread of wellness inequalities and the increased outlooks placed on the health care system4. Actions have been taken to promote modernisation of NHS community pharmaceutics in Scotland. The debut of the New Pharmacy Contract was the action program from the Scottish Executive ‘s scheme papers ‘The Right Medicine ‘ in which nucleus pharmaceutical attention services such as Chronic Medication Service ( CMS ) , Minor Ailments Service ( MAS ) , Acute Medication Service ( AMS ) and Public Health Service were designed to optimise the use of community druggist ‘s accomplishments to widen the range and farther better the quality of attention proviso to patients5. The contract was driven by a quotation mark by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in 2002, adverting that reacting to the demands to patients with chronic conditions post the biggest challenge to wellness systems around the globe4. The foundation of the CMS is built upon the cardinal countries: patient centered ; clinical administration ; collaborative working ; support for execution ; monitoring and reappraisal and service development6. The nucleus aims of CMS are summarized in Appendix 1. The altering function of the druggist is in response to the increasing demand for betterment in patient ‘s medicines direction. The debut of the CMS is to further develop the parts of the community druggist to guarantee the continuity of pharmaceutical attention in patients with long-run conditions every bit good as cementing the stature of community druggists in the NHS4. Pharmaceutical attention is an effectual tool in the direction of chronic complaints and is defined as the responsible proviso of drug therapy for the intent of accomplishing definite results that improve a patient ‘s quality of life harmonizing to Hepler and Strand7. Pharmaceutical attention is hence a collaborative attempt between healthcare professionals endeavoring to better drug therapy direction via uninterrupted monitoring of inauspicious effects, effectivity and patient instruction all meeting to better patient ‘s quality of life8. Healthcare professionals play a critical function in autho rising patients to take charge of their ain wellness, as this would ease them in accomplishing their coveted quality of life relevant to their wellness believes6. Community druggist can be the accelerator in smoothing the patient ‘s journey of attention by being the gateway of information via improved entree to healthcare services and to back up self-care6. It is simple to merely purchase a battalion of medicine over the counter to handle an false unwellness but the bulk is incognizant of the possible injury it presents. Some might non take earnestly an overdose of medicines that have a broad curative index but for drugs that have a narrow curative index, a simple overdose could be fatal. There is merely so much a prescriber could make but hanker term attending is indispensable to guarantee that patients get the best out of their medicine particularly in those who have multiple co-morbidities. The attack of CMS is through the constitution of curative partnerships between general medical practicians, druggists and patients to better patient attention by guaranting better local entree to wellness care6. Fostering such commitment will minimise duplicate of functions and, with good defined functions, can advance a holistic attack to the pharmaceutical and clinical attention of patients6. The end is to assist patients harvest the most out of their medical specialties but besides minimise any associated risks4. Community druggist is frequently the first and lone point of call. Community druggists can bridge the spread in a patient ‘s journey of attention and therefore better the whole curative class by expecting, placing, deciding and forestalling medicine-related issues4,9. These medicine-related issues include: Safety and efficaciousness Side effects Conformity and harmony Identify markers of hapless control Symptom specific markers to motivate referral Supplying and advancing wellness information and instruction CMS is a service that requires patients ‘ voluntary engagement and is by and large broken down into 3 phases. Phase 1 involves the enrollment of the patient for the service. Stage 2 involves the debut of a generic model for pharmaceutical attention planning. Phase 3 is the constitution of the shared attention component between the GP and the community pharmacist6. A pharmaceutical attention program paperss the patient ‘s pharmaceutical attention demands, attention issues, desired results and actions required as portion of the pharmaceutical attention planning of the patient. Figure 1 summarizes the pharmaceutical attention be aftering rhythm. Identify and prioritise patients with pharmaceutical attention demands Identify and reexamine pharmaceutical attention issues Implement and proctor pharmaceutical attention program Formulate and document a pharmaceutical attention program Figure 1: Pharmaceutical Care Planning Cycle To get down of with attention planning, critical information that may act upon the attention program such as patient ‘s general wellness, allergic reactions or sensitivenesss, other medical conditions and hazard factors are noted. A hazard appraisal is so made to help the druggist in placing and prioritising any pharmaceutical attention needs that a patient might necessitate or is deprived from in footings of service, which as a consequence influences the therapy6. You read "Care Plan Chronic Heart Failure Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Next, an appraisal is made to place and reexamine the patients pharmaceutical attention demands and refering issues. This can enable the druggist to measure the medical specialties regimen that a patient is on in footings of efficaciousness or toxicity profile and besides allows the druggist to measure how deep the patients understand their medicines and intervention and the extend of their wellness believes. Subseque ntly, a pharmaceutical attention program is drafted based on the attention issues that have been identified with the understanding of the patient. This attention program serves as a protocol in which issues are placed on a hierarchy of precedence, outcome ends are defined, proposals to any class of action documented every bit good as clearly specifying the health care forces and their duties for assorted monitoring that ought to be conducted. Changeless reappraisals and monitoring is done to measure the results of the attention program upon execution and alterations are made along the manner, when required, to maximise the curative result. To accomplish the maximal curative benefit, the patient ‘s wellness belief and apprehension of the therapy is indispensable. Hence, reding and advice by the druggist before, during and after the procedure is good. Chronic Heart Failure ( CHF ) is one of the 13 long-run disease provinces covered in the CMS protocol stand foring the most frequent indicant for therapy4. The list of all 13 disease provinces are listed in Appendix 2. Heart Failure is one of the most crippling medical conditions which can badly impact a patient ‘s quality of life hence seting force per unit area on hospitalization and health care budgets10. The Scots Intercollegiate Guidelines Network ( SIGN ) defines CHF as a complex clinical syndrome ensuing from any structural/ functional upset that impairs the ability of the bosom to react to physiological demands for increased cardiac output11. Hence, bringing of blood is compromised12. Abnormality in cardiac construction, beat, map or conductivity can all take to unequal perfusion, venous congestion and disturbed H2O and electrolyte balance that underlie CHF13. In add-on, normal compensatory mechanisms become compromised taking to maladaptive secondary physiological effe cts that contribute to the progressive nature of the disease12. CHF can be a effect of assorted underlying complications such as myocardial infarction and/or high blood pressure and the most common being left ventricular systolic disfunction ( LVSD ) . Coronary arteria disease, aortal stricture, dilated myocardiopathy, alcoholic myocardiopathy, Chagas ‘ disease, endomyocardial fibrosis and other mechanical defects such as cardiac valvular disfunction, degenerative valve disease, arthritic valve disease, terrible anaemia and thyrotoxicosis are the more common causes of CHF around the Earth but other rarer causes do exist12,13. Management of these predisposing factors can be good in relieving the symptoms of bosom failure. Table 1 is the New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) categorization system used to sort patients with bosom failure based on their functional position. Table 2 is ACC /AHA phases of HF ; a addendum to the NYHA categorization. It is estimated that there is a prevalence of about 1-2 % for bosom failure in developed countries10,14. The life-time hazard of developing HF is approximately 20 % for patients above 40 old ages old and besides the taking cause of hospitalization for patients above 65 old ages old10,14. Harmonizing to the European Society of Cardiology, above 15 million patients are diagnosed with HF in 51 European states consisting a population of around 900 million15. The prevalence of HF is about 1-2 % in the western society and the incidences are between 5-10/ 1000 instances per annum16. A recent US population-based survey, the prevalence of bosom failure was 2.2 % ( 95 CI 1.6 % to 2.8 % ) , increasing from 0.7 % in individuals aged 45 through 54 old ages to 8.4 % for those aged 75 old ages or older17. Similar minor expense forms, 1 % for the 55-64 age group increasing to 13 % in the 75-84 age group was observed from the Rotterdam study18. In the contrary, for the below 50 age group, incidences of HF are rare16. Improved endurance from acute myocardial infarction ( MI ) coupled with the aging population contributes to the spike in incidence and prevalence of HF19. One critical function community pharmacist drama is to advice and offer guidance on a healthy life style. Lifestyle and dietetic alterations are schemes aimed at forestalling cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) which are possible predisposing factors taking to CHF. The development of CVD is affected by multiple dietetic factors and an overall healthy diet will significantly cut down the hazard of CVD20. Consumption of fruits, veggies, grain merchandises, low-fat dairy merchandises and curtailing the sum of salt and unstable consumption are all portion of a well balanced diet11,21. Keeping a healthy organic structure weight is indispensable as fleshiness is an independent hazard factor for CVD. Morbid fleshiness has a strong association with mortality from CVD particularly in immature grownup males. Therefore, bar of fleshiness has to be taken early and in an aggressive manner22. Keeping optimum blood force per unit area, blood glucose every bit good as a desirable lipid profile is advise d to command or lower the hazard of CVD21. Maintaining physical and cardiovascular fittingness and a healthy weight can be achieved by changeless physical activities as it improves cardiovascular hazard factors every bit good as take downing the hazard of developing other chronic diseases21,23. Evidence has proven the strong association between smoking and cardiovascular jeopardies every bit good as the benefits of smoking cessation24. Therefore, look intoing the smoke position of patients and offering intercession where appropriate will be good to patients peculiarly in those who are at hazard of enduring from cardiovascular events24. Patients with CHF should be advised to discontinue smoking11. Moderate ingestion of intoxicant should besides be advised as extra alcohol ingestion can increase the hazard of CVD11,25. The above are merely the chief life style and dietetic parametric quantities that should be addressed with precedence to command or lower CVD hazards. Such steps should non be seen as stairss taken to forestall CVD but instead as stairss taken to promote everybody to populate a healthy life style to forestall any signifier of disease provinces. Psychosocial and psychological hurt have a important impact in morbidity and mortality after HF and hence societal and relationship factors may play an of import function in pull offing chronic conditions such as CHF26. The ends of intervention are to better quality of life11,13. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ( ACEi ) Evidence has shown that ACEi therapy is good in take downing mortality, MI and rehospitalization for patients enduring from HF with LVD or HF with or without a recent MI27. A meta-analysis has shown that patients with CHF prescribed with an ACEi have a 23 % decrease in mortality and a 35 % decrease in rehospitalization27. Further meta-analysis is patients with LVSD, HF or both after MI has a comparative decrease in mortality rate of 26 % 27. Therefore, ACEi therapy is recommended in patients with all NYHA functional categories of HF due to LVSD11. Adverse effects include cough, hypotension, nephritic damage, angio-oedema and hyperkaelaemia. Dose titration and nephritic and electrolyte monitoring should be included in the attention program particularly in susceptible patients utilizing other medicines so that intercession could be established in instances where inauspicious effects are marked. Beta Blockers Treatment with bisoprolol, carvedilol and Lopressor Forty shows a decrease in mortality in patients with advanced HF based on the CIBIS- II, COPERNICUS, and MERIT-HF tests severally. Beta-blockers benefits in HF by demoing a 29 % decrease in hazard of mortality in CVD, 36 % decrease due to pump failure and all cause mortality decrease of 23 % 28. All patients with HF due to LVSD of all NYHA functional category should be started on beta-blockers every bit shortly as their status is stable and should be the first line picks for patients with CHF due to LVSD11. The effects of beta-blockers might non be seen instantly. Furthermore, deterioration of HF and hypotension might be present at the get downing hence dose should be titrated up suitably upon supervising. Beta-blockers are contraindicated in those with asthma, bronchospasm, 2nd or 3rd degree auriculoventricular bosom block or diagnostic hypotension11. Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker ( ARB ) ARBs antagonizes the binding of angiotonin II to its type 1 receptor hence exercising its action similar to ACEi ‘s with the benefit of non bring forthing dry cough as a side effect13. In CHARM Alternative, ARB intervention led to a comparative decrease of 23 % in primary result of CV deceases or rehospitalsation for patients with CHF having candesartan who are intolerant to ACEi29. The add-on of ARB to ACEi or beta-blocker intervention non merely had no consequence on mortality but markedly reduced HF rehospitalisation and mortality combined30. Patients with CHF due to LVSD, HF or LVSD or both station MI who are intolerant to ACEi should be considered for ARBs whilst patients with HF due to LVSD who are still diagnostic despite already on ACEi and beta-blockers, add-on of candesartan might be beneficial11. Aldosterone Adversaries Aldosterone adversary has been studied in patients with terrible diagnostic HF, led to a pronounced decrease in mortality and morbidity and improved symptoms13,31. It is recommended for patients with HF in NYHA category III and IV despite being on ACEi and beta-blocker while there is no grounds that Aldactone has any benefits in mild HF11,13. The RALES test has shown that the add-on of Aldactone to an ACEi yielded an all cause mortality of 30 % and cardiac mortality by 31 % 31. However, aldosterone adversaries produce many inauspicious effects on vascular map and myocardial fibrosis11. Spironolactone produces gynaecomastia, hyperkaelaemia, and nephritic disfunction hence blood carbamide, creatinine and electrolyte monitoring is essential11. Patients with terrible HF due to LVSD should be on Aldactone unless contraindicated11. Eplerenone can be used if patients are intolerant to spironolactone as grounds from EPHESUS survey has demonstrated a 13 % decrease from CVD or hospitalization for CVD and 21 % comparative rate of sudden decease in patients on eplerenone32. Diuretic drugs Fluid keeping doing ankle hydrops, pneumonic hydrops or both consequences in symptoms of dyspnea in most patients enduring from HF11. A meta-analysis supports that diuretic therapy is good for patients with dyspnea or hydrops with a 75 % decrease in mortality and 63 % betterment in exercising capacity33. The hazard of loop water pills doing hypokalaemia is offset by ACEi, ARBs and Aldactone. Therefore, monitoring of serum K is of import. Doses of water pills should be individualized to minimise unstable keeping taking into history the possibility of desiccation and nephritic impairments11. Digoxin In a Cochrane reappraisal, patients on Lanoxin showed a 64 % betterment in symptoms and a 23 % decrease in hospitalization but unluckily no betterment seen on survival34. Digoxin should be considered as an accessory therapy for instances in which patients with HF in fistula beat are non relieved on optimal therapy11. There are many issues associated with the usage of Lanoxin because of its narrow curative index, some of which are fatal such as its ability to increase the possibility of sudden decease and the hazard of toxicity in instance of hypokalaemia11. Therefore, the hazard over benefit of Lanoxin therapy should be carefully considered in the best involvement of the patient. How to cite Care Plan Chronic Heart Failure Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Section 44 of Australian Constitution †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Section 44 of Australian Constitution. Answer: Introduction: Section 44 of Australian Constitution states, disqualification regarding appointment of candidate as senator. It must be noted that government choose senators from the people of each state and territory, and these senators are choose through voting at periodic elections. Senator represents the state for the period of six years and term of territory senators will coincide with the terms of the House of Representatives[1]. In this essay we discuss the disqualifications stated by section 44 of the Australian constitution. Subsequently paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Section 44 of Australian constitution: Those provisions which govern the qualifications regarding candidates who want to appear in elections and of senators, are stated under Australian Constitution and the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (CEA). The main aim of these provisions is to make sure that people who stand for elections, and are members of the national Parliament must fulfill their duties with due care and free from undue external interference. It is necessary that candidate who wants to appear in election for position of senate must be At least completed the age of 18 years. Must be a citizen of Australia. An elector who wants to vote must be qualified to become an elector. During the period of 1901, these requirements were completely different but Constitution of Australia imposed power under Parliament to change these requirements, and on many occasions parliament make changes in it. If any person is the member of the House of Representatives or a state or territory legislature must give his resignation before standing for the Senate, and this is stated under section 43 of the Constitution and section 164 of the CEA. It is not possible for person to make multiple nominations, stated under section 165 of the CEA[2]. Section 44 imposed some limitations on eligibility of candidate, and these limitations are stated below. This section states that person cannot be appointed as senate if: Such person is the citizen of a foreign power; or Such person is attainted of treason; or Such person has been convicted and sentenced for any offence under Commonwealth orstate law which is punishable by a imprisonment of 12 months or more; or Such person is an un discharged bankrupt; or Such person holds an office of profit under the Crown; or Such person has a pecuniary interest in any agreement with the Commonwealth Public service[3]. Furthermore, it must be noted that if any person convicted for offence like bribery or undue influence then such person is disqualified from being chosen as a senator for the period of 2 years after the conviction. This can be understood through case law Sue v Hill[4]. In this case, High Court provides its decision on 23rd June 1999. Declaration was made by the majority of High Court that one nation senator-elect names as Heather hill was not qualified for being chosen as senator and not duly elected within the meaning of section 360(1)(v) of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth). High Court ruled that United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland was a 'foreign power' for the purposes of s 44(i) of the Commonwealth Constitution. There is one ore case which help in understanding the issue related to section 44, Re Wood [1988] HCA 22.[5] In this case, petition was dismissed by High Court by Judges Brennan, Deane and Toohey JJ in December 1987 on technical grounds. Judgment made by both judges includes number on observations regarding section 44 of the Constitution. Disqualification is not happened only on the ground of conviction of an offense, but it was necessary that person must serve a sentence for imprisonment for one year or more or subject to be sentenced for that offense. Therefore, person has not been disqualified after the sentence has been served. Person must have been judged as an un-discharged insolvent. Allegation related to allegiance of foreign power not show neither the foreign power nor the acknowledgement related to that allegiance. After considering the above facts, it is clear that impose restrictions on the eligibility of Australian candidates to stand for parliament. It must be noted that effect of section 44 are clear and does not include any ambiguousness. Conclusion: This paper discuss the restriction and disqualifications described by section 44 of Australian Constitution and these disqualifications are discussed with the help of two case laws that are Sue v Hill and Re Wood [1988] HCA 22. References Matthew Doran, Entitled' to dual citizenship? The grey area in Section 44 of the constitution, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-28/citizenship-grey-area-in-constitution-tripping-up-mps-senators/8754586, Accessed on 6th October 2017. Parliament of Australia, Section 44 of the Constitution, https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/Section44, Accesssed on 6th October 2017. Commonwealth Of Australia Constitution ACT - SECT 44. Caselaw Sue v Hill - [1999] HCA 30. Re Wood [1988] HCA 22.

Suspense and Crime Fiction Essay Example

Suspense and Crime Fiction Essay Crime Fiction, more than any other genre, engages the reader through the art of suspense. AThrough analysing, watching and reading â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† by Roald Dahl, an episode of Poirot â€Å"The Third Floor Flat† by Agatha ChristieChristopher Gunning and â€Å"The Red Headed League† by Arthur Doyle, creates a great overlook on how each Crime Fiction story creates suspense. Whilst Dahl uses setting and narrative to create suspense, Christie uses characters to create suspense and Doyle uses plot development to create suspense. Roald Dahl’s â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† engages the reader through the art of suspense by using setting and narrative voice. This is can be shown through because even though neither characters say much about the setting, you can tell by the way Mary Maloney’s thoughtsinks about her home and her husband. The narrationIt automatically gives the idea of a warm and inviting home with the impression of a loving wife. For example when she is patiently waiting for husband to return home from work. NEED TO PUT IN A QUOTE FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE STORY – MAYBE FROM WHEN SHE IS WAITING PATINENTLYThis shows without her even saying anything, you understand what’s going on. The storyIt is written in third person limited omniscient narration which means the reader knows some of the thoughts and feelings of Mary but not her husband or the police officers. This demonstrates that Dahl wants the reader, to feel as though because there is little information given, you have to think outside the box and figure out the untold pieces of the story. â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† engages the reader through suspense by having to as you must solve the mystery through setting and narrative voice. We will write a custom essay sample on Suspense and Crime Fiction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Suspense and Crime Fiction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Suspense and Crime Fiction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Agatha ChristieChristopher Gunning has used hercreated characters thato engage the reader through the art of suspense in an episode of Poirot â€Å"The Third Floor Flat†. A clear example of this is when Donovan finds the body. When Do

Young Goodman Brown

Young Goodman Brown A Brief Biography The works of Nathaniel Hawthorne were a reflection of the history of his Puritan relations and the New England during his days. Some of his well-known works include The Scarlet Letter, Young Goodman Brown, and The House of the Seven Gables.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Young Goodman Brown- Nathaniel Hawthorne specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, on July 4, 1804. Two aspects of his early life especially influenced his writing career: the Hathornes had been persecuted due to their religious affiliations and the Salem witchcraft trials. Nathaniel’s father passed on in 1808, leaving his wife and three kids-two girls and a boy reliant on relatives. Nathaniel spent his early life in Salem and Maine. A leg injury limited his movements for a significant duration, during which he developed a passion for reading and thinking. With assistanc e from his rich uncles, Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College in Maine (1821 – 24). Hawthorne had no interest of taking up any occupation, instead choosing to read and write short stories, many of which were published in newspapers. Among the novels were Fanshawe (1828), Young Goodman Brown (1835), and a collection, Twice Told Tales (1837). In 1842, Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody and together they had three children. The family settled at Concorde, Massachusetts. Unable to support his family from writing alone, Hawthorne took up a position at the Salem County House as a surveyor in 1846, but was dismissed two years later because his political connections. The dismissal turned to be a blessing in disguise as he wrote The Scarlet Letter, his most successful work. The duration from 1850 to 1853 was the most fruitful since he wrote The House of the Seven Gables and The Blithedale Romance. Franklin Pierce, Hawthorne’s former schoolmate at Bowdoin, became president in 1852 an d Hawthorne was selected as the American consul at England from 1853 – 57. He wrote Our Old Home (1863) during the stay at England. In 1857, the Hawthornes moved to Italy and settled mainly in Rome and Florence.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They later returned to England and Nathaniel completed his final and lengthiest work, The Marble Faun (1860). The family returned to America and stayed in their permanent home at Concorde. He died on May 19, 1864 while visiting the New Hampshire Hills with Franklin Pierce (Meltzer, pp. 54). Young Goodman Brown Plot The story begins at night in Salem when Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to meet a strange person in the forest. As they meet, Brown and the individual advance further into the forest, at this juncture, it becomes evident that his companion is the devil, and the reason for that journey is to pa rticipate in an unknown ceremony, but clearly an evil one. As they progress with the journey, Brown realizes that others are heading for the ceremony, most of whom are from Salem town and whom he had believed to be Christians and pure in heart. He is surprised and discouraged and once again opts to turn back, however, before he does this, he hears Faith’s voice and recognizes that she is the one who is to be initiated at the ceremony. Knowing that he has lost faith and Faith, he decides to join the ceremony. At the ceremony, new converts are called to the altar for anointing, just when Faith is about to be anointed in blood, he shouts out her to look to heaven and refuse. He finds himself alone in the forest. Arriving in Salem the following morning, Brown is unsure whether the occurrence was real or a dream, however, his outlook of those around him, including his wife, drastically changes. Major Characters Goodman Brown Goodman Brown exhibits purity and corruptibility as he w avers between believing in the innate kindness of the individuals around him and believing that the devil has conquered the minds of those he loves. When the story begins, Brown is convinced of the righteousness of his father and grandfather until the old man, possibly the devil, tells him otherwise. Brown has faith in Goody Cloyse, the priest, and Deacon Gookin until the devil tells to him that Cloyse is a witch and Gookin is his assistant. Eventually, he is convinced that Faith, his wife, is upright and honest, until the devil shows him at the ceremony that she too is unclean. The revelations show Brown’s lack of a firm stand as he easily swayed. He shows us the good and evil sides of humankind.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Young Goodman Brown- Nathaniel Hawthorne specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through his exposure of the good and evil sides of humankind, Hawthorne mentions what he believes as the concealed corruption of the Puritan society. Goodman Brown believes in the public portrayal of purity made by his father and the church leaders and in the communal formations that are built upon that purity. Hawthorne uses Brown to show his audience that behind the public display of purity, the Puritans’ acts were adulterated. Satan tells Brown that he was there when his father, grandfather and other church members burned native Indians’ villages, suggesting that the founding of English country has a dim side that religion falls short of explaining. Faith Brown Faith Brown is Goodman Brown’s wife and serves a symbolical purpose in the novel. Brown leaves her at night to have a meeting with the devil, when asked why he was late, Brown answers â€Å"Faith kept me back a while† (Hawthorne, pp. 10). She stands for positive force in the society. Consequently, when Brown realizes that she too is evil, he cries â€Å"My Faith is gone† and runs franti cally toward the witches’ assembly (Hawthorne, pp. 23). Faith represents the solidity of the family and the domestic realm in the Puritan outlook. As her name hints, she seems to be most pure-hearted among the Puritans and functions as a substitute of sorts for religious emotions. Her husband clings to her as he inquires about the righteousness of those he knew, drawing comfort from the fact that if Faith remains pure, then his own faith is worth defending. However, when he discovers that Faith too is corruptible, he believes that everyone around him is evil. Brown’s estrangement from Faith at the conclusion of the story is the worst result of his change of mind. The Old Man/ Devil In this novel, the devil seems to be a normal man, showing that everyone, including Brown, can be evil. The devil appears from the forest decently dressed just as any man in Salem would, but Goodman Brown discovers that the devil can emerge in any situation and fail to appear inapt. By accen tuating the chameleon nature of the devil, Hawthorne illustrates that the devil basically personifies the worst side of man. By mentioning that the devil could be Brown’s father, the writer builds a link between them, leaving the readers to speculate whether the two are related or the devil is Brown’s evil side. Brown’s contact with the devil affects him forever.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critique of the Novel Nancy Bunge in Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Study of the Short Fiction (1993) critiques the book based on the conduct of Goodman Brown (Bunge, 14). She mentions that everybody is corrupt and can move along honestly and openly with others after admitting this grim truth. Yet Brown rejects this reality and destroys his life by trying to maintain his righteousness. The novel reveals this fact so painfully that, despite the huge amount of critical commentary on the story, many recognize it as the novel’s theme. Bunge is right; the climax of the novel takes place at the ceremony, especially when Brown finds out that Faith was also evil. This changes him forever. Nina Baym in Thwarted Nature: Hawthorne as Feminist, argues from the outlook of the female characters. She mentions that the protagonists, regularly male, decline any sexual bond with a female figure, normally a spouse or fiancà ©e (136). In most cases, this action has a grave effect on the scorned woman. Stories written prior to 1842 have a female character demolished only by accident, not purposely. In Young Goodman Brown, Brown’s separation with his wife was not intentional, as he had intended to return to her after the appointment with the devil. Baym asserts that the act of a man leaving his wife demonstrates the male’s disinterest to the affairs of their female counterparts. She defines women as sexual beings and the men as â€Å"sexually frozen† (138). Baym suggests that Hawthorne’s male characters are engrossed with their female counterparts but the only way of making contact with them is through desire. Joan Easterly asserts that Brown is a changed man after his encounter in the forest. Hawthorne shows how Brown fails the trial of his moral and divine being. For instance, brown does not cry after seeing Faith and those who were close to him at the ceremony. This indicates that he has no compassion for these people and therefore cannot a Christian himself (340). I disagree with this point, Brown was filled with so much grief after seeing that his father, grandfather and church leaders were all corruptible. Finding out that his wife was also evil was just too painful for him and we see him shouting to her to look to heaven and refuse the initiation. Baym, Nina. Thwarted Nature: Hawthorne as Feminist. 1993. New York, Twayne Publishers. Bunge, Nancy. Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Study of the Short Fiction. 1993. New York: Twayne Publishers. Easterly, Joan Elizabeth. Lachrymal Imagery in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown.  Studies in Short Fiction. 1991, pp. 339-43. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. 2005. Young Goodman Brown. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. Meltzer, Milton. Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Biography. 2007. Washington: Twenty-First Century Books.

3 Sentences with Flawed Parallel Construction

3 Sentences with Flawed Parallel Construction 3 Sentences with Flawed Parallel Construction 3 Sentences with Flawed Parallel Construction By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, an attempt to make a list within a sentence has gone awry. Discussion after each example explains the problem, and one or two revisions suggest solutions. 1. We have specific plans about what we are going to do, how and when. This sentence implies a list consisting of â€Å"what we are going to do, how we are going to do them, and when we are going to do them,† but it elides one word too many: â€Å"We have specific plans about what we are going to do, and how and when.† 2. He holds various roles, from celebrated guest, martial arts envoy, unofficial chargà © d’affaires, and even close confidant. If what appears to be a list of associated nouns or noun phrases is preceded by from, it is not a list, but a range that includes one or more intermediate parameters, so from should be complemented by to, and the sentence must be further revised so that parameters are connected with conjunctions, thereby combining to be clearly associated with either to or from: â€Å"He holds various roles, from celebrated guest to martial arts envoy and unofficial chargà © d’affaires, and even close confidant. Alternatively, revise the sentence slightly to avoid the range construction altogether: â€Å"He holds various roles, including celebrated guest, martial arts envoy, unofficial chargà © d’affaires, and even close confidant.† 3. The company has embarked on the initiative with the objectives of process improvement, increased automation, compliance with internal and public company requirements, and to support future growth. The grammatical structure of the final list item is inconsistent with those preceding it- it alone includes an infinitive phrase (â€Å"to support†)- so revise it to match the others by shifting support from a verb to a noun: â€Å"The company has embarked on the initiative with the objectives of process improvement, increased automation, compliance with internal and public company requirements, and support of future growth.† Alternatively, convert the third item to a final item by inserting a conjunction before it, then make what was the final item a distinct phrase by inserting an of before it to make it parallel with the list (which is preceded by of) and changing the form of the verb: â€Å"The company has embarked on the initiative with the objectives of process improvement, increased automation, and compliance with internal and public company requirements and of supporting future growth.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsPunctuation Is Powerful

In what ways is Neo-realism similar to traditional Realism Essay

In what ways is Neo-realism similar to traditional Realism - Essay Example Modern debate on international politics can be traced back to the period between the first and the Second World War. Many scholars and political analysts still contemplated on the underlying reasons behind the wars. Politicians and nations endeavored to set up organizations such as the League of Nations, which would help in the maintenance of order all over the world. At this time, realists developed arguments that explained the debates on power relations, the balance of power, as well as international politics. Realists such as Hans and Waltz made notable contributions, which tend to have some similarities. Therefore, traditional realism and neorealism can be regarded as similar in a number of ways (Mearsheimer 1990, p. 10). First, in their definition of power, both traditional realists such as Morgenthau and neo-realists such as Waltz tend to share similar thoughts. Traditional realism and neo-realism see power as the main currency in the international arena, which they view as a hostile stage. As such, the concept of power forms the basis of how these two blocks of realism analyze international politics. Both traditional realists and neo-realists hold that the material structure that makes up the international system has a significant bearing on state behavior (Burchill et al., 2009). Neo-realists and traditional realists both argue that some of the most notable aspects of power include the armed forces and the military. These two blocks of realism also contend that power may comprise of the ways in which a nation controls another.

Comparison Analysis of Personal Consumption Habits Essay

Comparison Analysis of Personal Consumption Habits - Essay Example Boone & Kurtz (2006) outline the first step in the consumer decision-making process as being the identification of a specific problem. In the case of my food purchase, a relatively empty refrigerator represented such a problem. In addition, a personal craving for pickles was the initial motivation to visit the food market, where a series of searches and evaluation of alternative brands ultimately led to a final purchase decision. There appears to be a general consensus amongst most marketing research professionals that buying decisions are largely based on elements of the marketing mix (such as price and promotion), as well as previous experience with any particular brand. Pickles, under the model of consumer behaviour, usually represent low-involvement, meaning that lower price and affordability, as well as the fact that the majority of pickle brands are quite similar, would dictate a rapid purchase decision. However, in my personal situation, I am quite particular about the texture and flavour enhancements which are added to pickles, hence I generally weigh my potential brand alternatives carefully before selecting my desired product. The final pickle purchase involved a heavy evaluation of alternative brands, comparing ingredients, my own experience and distaste for certain brands, and the promotional elements of the market which included sale versus non-sale items; representing a series of personal evaluative criteria. The process of searching, as stage two of the decision-making process.

System of Inquiry Essay Example for Free

System of Inquiry Essay The need for an organized manner of operating can never be ignored by any organization that is truly focused on the development and implementation of policies that will see it through trying times and help it achieve its goals (Alpha Kappa Delta, 2004). Operations entails coming up with a code that will act as a guideline for all members in an organization and be a reference for the strategic directions that should be adopted when dealing with problems. The success of the system or organization largely depends on the control mechanism implemented which in turn depends on the code and the structures put in place to ensure its implementation (Alpha Kappa Delta, 2004). Therefore, having a good code of ethics that is clear, well defined and lacking of any ambiguity is very important to the success of an organization in its operations and thus the eventual success of the organization as a whole. The organizations employees are committed to the development of a good system where the customers and the consumers of the companys services can be rest assured of the worth of their money and expectation. The employees are expected to respect and protect not only their rights but those of the customers be it human or civil for it is central to the freedom of the employees in inquiring and expressing their view in the areas of research, planning and in other operations. This ethics code is a set of principles and standards that acts as a basis for strategic planning and operations, management in the organization. The code is aimed at providing a set of standards and guidelines that address some of the situations met by the organizations personnel. The goals of ethics are aimed at protecting the welfare of individuals and teams within and without the organizations operational environment with regards to the operations of the organization. The development of a set of ethics that is dynamic enough to handle the varied nature of the problems faced by organization worker requires the will and commitment of all the workers in the organization. General Ethics i. Principle A The workers strive to ensure that their conduct benefit the organization and are not harmful. All workers should in all their actions ensure that they safeguard the welfare of all the people they interact with in the course of executing their duties as per the organizations needs. In dealing with conflicts, the set of rules attempt to find the solution to the problems or conflict in a manner that ensures that the harm is minimized. The workers should be more aware of the effects of their own abilities on the people they deal with. ii. Principle B The workers should at all time establish a good trust filled relationship with those they work with. They should be aware of their responsibilities to the organization and to the customers. The workers should consult and cooperate with other professionals to the level that will best address the needs of the organization. The workers should be concerned about the professional conduct and ethical compliance of their colleagues. They should be ready to contribute a considerable portion of their time for no considerable advantage or personal gains. iii. Principle C The workers should promote accuracy, honesty and uphold all the social virtues in their activities. They should not engage in the social vices like lying, subterfuge and intentional representation of records or facts. The workers are obliged to put into consideration the needs, consequences and responsibility in all their actions to ensure they do not result in mistrust. The organization recognizes that a fairness and justice principle entitles all workers to access the benefit of their work and to equality in quality of process or procedures. The workers should therefore exercise judgment and take measures to ensure that any form of bias that they are prone to, the limits of their competences and their professional skills and competences do not condone or in any way lead to unjust practices. v. Principle E The workers should at all time endeavors to respect the dignity of all people and show great respect to their rights to privacy and confidentiality. The workers should appreciate the fact that there are individual who due to some disadvantage are placed in situations where their right to autonomous decision making is impaired. The workers should respect the cultural and role differences based on gender, race, culture, socio-economic status and sexual orientation. The workers should try to discard all the effects of their work that lead to bias based on these factors and should not in any way condone activities that are based on prejudice.

Attachment in Groups :: essays research papers

Attachment and Self Disclosure in Groups   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attachment and self disclosure can say a lot about a person. There was a study done to investigate attachment style and self disclosure in the first group counseling session. This was done in order to explain variable of group functioning. The attachment style was done by self report questionnaires and the self-disclosure was done by observations. There were more than four hundred participants that were split up into twenty seven different groups. I find taking over 400 people and placing them into twenty seven different groups is actually a quite strong way of studying attachment and disclosure. They were assessed on the basis of transcripts of the first group counseling session. As noted by the group leader and the participants, group functioning included self-disclosure, group empathy, group intimacy, and client behavior. The results indicated that a significant relationship existed between attachment and initial self disclosure. I agree with this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of people around the world find group counseling beneficial, but still there are some that disagree. The prediction of a person’s behavior in the group counseling process is important for the sake of both the group and the individual. This article covers the behind the scenes look at each of these behaviors and what role it has in a group. They wanted to examine whether a person’s behavior in a counseling group can be explained by means of self disclosure and attachment. I think that a person’s behavior can be explained in any setting based upon disclosure and attachment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attachment theory is viewed as a valid conceptual framework for explaining one’s predisposition toward group counseling. This includes ability, motivation, and behavior. Attachment style reflects a person’s past experiences with significant others, it is expressed in Group 2 that person’s sense of trust and level of intimacy, and collected from self-report data. Self disclosure is reflected in actual behavior and can be measured through observation of a person’s situations such as the initial stage of a group. Attachment research has shown that secure attachment contributes to subjective well-being, high self-esteem, high self-efficacy, self-control, and well-adjusted interpersonal behavior. Insecure attachment seems to be organized around two basic dimensions: avoidance and anxiety-ambivalence. Avoidant adults tend to be uncomfortable about and have difficulties being close to and trusting others; anxious-ambivalent adults want closeness to others, worry that others do not love or want to be with them, and sometimes scare others away with their intense need for closeness.

Australian Aboriginal Art Essay

Australian Aboriginal art, song and dance has been the corner stone of culture since the beginning of their existence. Having no form of written language Aboriginal art, songs, and dances passed down through the generations have been the heartbeat that has kept this ancient culture alive. Even though the art, medium, song, and dance of each Aboriginal tribe may be completely different, they all serve the same purposes; create ceremony, and to inform each member of the tribe of their history, spiritual beliefs, values, and expectations for cultural norm and behaviour. It is not until recently that Aboriginal art has stopped depicting Dreaming stories and has begun to be used for other purposes, such as self expression and emotion release (Pizzi, 13). However as the customary Aboriginal ways of life have been continually interrupted and battered, the personal identity of Aboriginal people and their culture has deteriorated and is in great danger of dying out completely. For tens of thousands of years Aboriginals have created art on rocks, tree bark, the ground and their bodies, with dyes, paints, seeds, plants, sand, and ochres. It is these art works which create a visual language expressing the legends, morals, and history specific to each Aboriginal tribe (Kreczmansk and Stanislawska-Birnberg, 3). Each painting or drawing contains symbols and colours which represent a part of a Dreaming story. Generally the symbols similar to what they are representing, but can come to mean different things at different times, such as a spiral could represent a waterhole, campsite, breast, or fire depending on the context. Aboriginal art is an integral physical manifestation of their culture and cultural continuity is reflected in all forms; such as painting, drawing, ceremonies, song, dance, jewellery, and head masks (Barrington, April 12). On page one of ‘The Tjulkurra’, Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri, Janusz B. Kreczmanski and Margo Stanislawska-Birnberg write, â€Å"there is one kind of traditional painting which has not changed for thousands of years in its form and subject matter: the art of the Australian Aborigines. † The Aboriginal Dreaming stories are central to culture and each aspect of the Dreaming wheel is connected, and without one of the parts the wheel the rest does not make sense. These stories dictate every aspect of life and behaviour from where you can walk to how the Earth was created. These Dreaming stories are the blue prints to Aboriginal life, and it is through art, song, and dance that they survive. Each art drawing, painting, dance refers to a piece of information which the viewer gains upon looking at it, every song steers the listeners towards proper social behaviour or indicates where in society one falls (Morphy, 30). Some rituals, drawing and painting mediums and depictions, songs, and dances are gender or age discriminate, further structuring societal responsibilities and purposes (Mayrah, April 20). These Aboriginal art forms are the vehicles that pass meaning, purpose, history, and cultural from one generation to the next. Over the years Aboriginal way of life has been completely disrupted, abused, and deliberate attempts have been made to be erased. Since colonization Aboriginal people have been continually displaced from their lands, which they had lived on for over 40,000 years, and have had to watch as their sacred sites are cut down, mined, and destroyed. With this the materials used in Aboriginal art are destroyed, but more importantly there is a cultural disconnection as the elders are unable to teach the new generation the ways of their people and land. For example, when a tribe from the desert is suddenly moved to a coast their traditional sand art becomes impossible to create and the ceremonial act of passing that knowledge down to new generations cannot occur. So that art form is lost forever and the relationship between elders and the new generation breaks down. Or if a Dreaming story is based upon the lake which a tribe lives next to, and the tribe is moved away from this lake the new generations to come will not understand the story, or feel a connection with the land which was given to them by the Creation Beings. By taking away the tools the Aboriginals have always used to create their art and ceremonies their whole structure of culture is splintered. Tourism and the intrusions of western culture on Aboriginal land have weakened and belittled the art of the Aboriginals and traditional art forms have vanished in many places (Edwards and Guerin, Foreword). Furthermore, as â€Å"The Land My Mother, Walya NGamardiki† video the class watched on March 18th explains, the Aboriginals believe that they belong to the land, and if the land is destroyed then they too are being destroyed. In Aboriginal culture each person and family is born and connected to a Totem, or Spirit Being, and it is that person’s responsibility to protect their Totem; they are thought to be so connected that if one was to eat their Spirit Being it would be considered cannibalism. If a person’s Totem is killed then it is that person’s responsibility to carry out the mortuary rites for the being. When an Aboriginal dies they believe that their spirits go into the sites from which they came, but by destroying these sanctified sites the spirits have no where to return (Mayrah, April 20). â€Å"For Indigenous Australians†¦country is the subject of artistic representation, ritual enactment, totemism and the sympathetic magic that assists the group to ensure itself in the quest for survival† (Zimmer, 20). A disconnection between an Aboriginal person and his land is more than an unjust inconvenience; it is a cultural, emotional and spiritual murder worse than physical death. The Aboriginals currently make up only two percent of the Australian population, and their art, songs, and dances have been lost to the new generations. The ceremonies, art, dance, and song that had always guided, moralized, and given a voice to the Aboriginal youth has been made unnecessary, unfeasible, or irrelevant over time. These youths are now connecting with the anger, violence and messages of resentment of the contemporary black American culture. Instead of singing the songs and dancing the dances of their ancestors many young Aboriginals are rapping and grinding. (Dean, April 8). Many Aboriginals, old and young, feel no real tribal identity or language, no connection with Dreaming, and are left confused by who they are in the middle of two conflicting cultures (Bourke, 133). Without their art, song, and dance the Aboriginal culture has no history, meaning, future, or heartbeat. It is imperative to the future of Aboriginal tribes that they reconnect with the wisdom and ceremony of their ancestor’s art, song, and dance, while continuing to gain the tools to function in today’s westernized Australian culture. Bibliography Barrington, Robin. â€Å"Indigenous Australian Aboriginal Art. † Presentation, Introduction to Indigenous Australia tutorial, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley campus. April 12, 2010. Bourke, Eleanor. â€Å"On Being Aboriginal. † In Identifying Australia in Postmodern Times. Melbourne: Bibliotech, Australian National University, 1994. â€Å"Ways of Working: Aboriginal Cultural Awareness Modules. † Workshop, Centre for Aboriginal Studies at Curtin University of Technology, Bentley campus. April 8, 2010. Edwards, Robert and Bruce Guern. Aboriginal Bark Paintings. Canberra: Rigby, 1970. Kreczmanski, Janusz B. , and Margo Stanislawska-Birnberg. The Tjulkurra: Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri. Marleston: Jb Books, 2002. 1-7. Mayrah, Yarraga. â€Å"Aboriginal Culture. â€Å" Indigenous Australia – Aboriginal Art, History and Culture. http://www.indigenousaustralia. info (accessed April 20, 2010). McGregor, Ken and Jenny Zimmer. Bill Whiskey Tajapaltjarri. Victoria: Macmillian Art Publishing, 2009. 15-23. Morphy, Howard. Ancestral Connections: Art and an Aboriginal System of Knowledge. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1991. Pizzi, Gabrielee. Voices of The Earth: Paintings, Photography, and Sculpture from Aboriginal Australia. Melbourne: A private collection. 7-16. ‘The Land My Mother’ or ‘Walya NGamardiki. ’ Movie, Introduction to Indigenous Australia tutorial, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley campus. March 8th, 2010.

Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay

As a business grows and expands, eventually the goal of a business is to transform from company into a corporate powerhouse. Once the goal of a company turned corporate is met a corporation is to operate eventually internationally within other countries. With the ability to operate a business internationally this will enable a corporation access to several features. These features are more revenue income, acquire and disperse domestic and international stocks, capital expenditures in the forms of resources and manpower in foreign countries. These features also spell the recipe for creating more jobs within those foreign countries a corporation plans to operate within. Culture Issues Affecting Corporations Actions Outside the United States The well known jean clothing company known in the retail business as Levi’s operates under the business name of Levi Strauss and Company. Levi Strauss and Company is located in the heart of Northern California’s Bay Area city of San Francisco. Levi Strauss and Company operates and own its factories of clothing internationally in 110 countries (Levi Strauss & Company, 2012). With the business growth and years in operation Levi Strauss and Company also have been put under extreme scrutiny because of business practices and business ethics. Most of the examinations and criticizing of the company business practices have been from various groups and individuals ranging from employee unions, stock market companies and individual, even from external companies associated with Levi and Strauss. One of the reasons for criticism was the attention brought onto Levi and Strauss operating two of the corporation’s factories in Bangladesh, India. What the assessment of Levi and Strauss Company found was that its resources also included the employment of children working within the factories. Many of these children working within the two factories working under the minimum age limit. This had put Levi and Strauss into a bad business situation. With the United States the minimum age limit to work legally in non-hazardous areas is 14 years of age (U.S. Department of Labor, 2010). In India the children working at two of Levi Strauss and Company were under the age of 14 years of age. With many of these children working there most of the wages were used to help support their families who depended on their child’s wages. Levi’s implemented into its Terms of Engagement that any child working under the minimum age limit would have his or her salaries covered while paying for his or her full education (Levi Strauss & Company, 2012). Ethical Perspectives Of Levi and Strauss Company Global Organization Levi Strauss and Company have ethical perspectives are in agreement with the majority view of operating as an ethical global business entity. Levi Strauss and Company operates under a Worldwide Code of Business Conduct, and a Global Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Policy (Levi Strauss & Company, 2010). Under the Worldwide Code of Conduct Levi’s operates its business affairs with good responsibility and integrity. The Code of Conduct also encourages the corporation’s employees base business decisions under the corporation’s ethical values. Operating under anti-bribery and anti-corruption policy, Levi’s operates under each country’s specific laws and regulations, in addition, these policies are put into effect to help the company’s employees be able to identify any potential business scenarios and avoid situations, which can put the company’s ethical policies at risk (Levi Strauss & Company, 2010). While operating in 2008 Levi Strauss had received pertinent information regarding its factories in the country of Uzbekistan. Levi Strauss and Company had gone under pressure to investigate about the working conditions of forced child labor to harvest cotton in Uzbekistan. With inquiries from the company’s external stakeholders, environmental nongovernmental organizations, socially based firms, and internationally based retailers, the company addressed the issue of forced child labor to harvest the cotton in that country. What Levi’s did was ban the cotton harvested in Uzbekistan (Levi Strauss and Company, 2010). From the part of 2008 through the middle of 2009 the company brought the issue to the United States Government and engaged the country of Uzbekistan government to resolve the situation of the country forcing children to harvest the cotton within that country (Levi Strauss and Company, 2010). Levi’s Ethical Perspectives Across Cultures Levi Strauss and Company faces different challenges operating in different countries and abiding by various cultural ethical differences. While operating in different Asian countries Levi and Strauss took part in The Asia Foundation to help support the end of corruption that is common in many Asian countries (SUPPORTING VULNERABLE POPULATIONS IN ASIA, 2012). the Asia Foundation helps with funding from Levi Strauss and Company develop programs which are to enable a better life for many people in Asian countries. With helping to end corruption Levi and Strauss has taken a pro-active approach to end this dilemma that is still in many of the Asian countries. In working internationally Levi and Strauss has addressed the issue of women’s rights in countries such as Egypt. In other countries the humane rights of women are equivalent to almost nothing putting women down at the bottom of the social pyramid. Levi and Strauss has partnered with Business for Social Responsibility to run a program also known as the HERProject-for Health Enable Returns that is meant to help women in educating women about health reproduction and access to get health services (Jill Nash , Vice President, Levi Strauss & Co. Corporate Affairs, 2010). With regards to operating in international countries Levi and Strauss must be able to handle each challenge differently and adapt policies for each specific region. One solution may work in one country but may not work effectively in an another country. Levi and Strauss operate under a high standard of ethics and code of conduct within the United States, which is far higher when compared to other foreign countries. Operating business in a high ethical standard is something Levi and Strauss have been innovating as the corporation ventures to operate in foreign countries. With each country come challenges, which may be similar and different from other countries, which are unique to each region. In conclusion businesses are either currently or entering into the global market as the realization of more income revenue is abundant. When companies look to grow with expansion into other countries sometimes the earnings of revenue will tend to take a company’s focus of concentration away from dealing with cultural aspects and challenges unique to those specific country regions. When the distraction on not learning about the different cultures and ethnicity conducts business do companies create mistakes that can have a major ethical issue in the public view. The best result would be to conduct business research on how business conduct operates in each country to avoid any potential ethical dilemmas.

A Resolution to Stop Making the Penny Essay Example

A Resolution to Stop Making the Penny Essay Example A Resolution to Stop Making the Penny Paper A Resolution to Stop Making the Penny Paper A Resolution to stop making the Penny Penny Production shouldn’t be stopped. Some of the problems that will arise are that prices will increase, the poor will suffer, and nickels cost even more than pennies to make, thus wasting more of our money. According to Susan T Leadly, an About. com Guide, â€Å"Americans are traditionalists and the Lincoln cent is the epitome of modern day circulating coin tradition. † We must keep using the penny because eliminating it would hurt us, not help us. First of all, prices would increase, and nobody wants that. Everything will round up to the nickel, and thus costing the U. S and us for the things we buy. According to Penny Debate, â€Å"Merchants will probably round everything up in their favor, costing us more for everything we buy. † This will impact on our daily everyday lives and, an example of that would be, every time we go to the grocery store we will be charged more for what we normally get at a cheaper price. Another point is that the poor will pay the most for the raising of prices. They are the most likely to make small, frequent purchases and will suffer the most for the rounding up to nickels. Charities need pennies, and the charities that depend on pennies to fund a big part of their income are going to have some major losses. Nobody will want to donate some loose change, because people might think nothing of pouring out old penny jars, but they wont part with nickels so easily. And finally, nickels cost even more to make than pennies. The U. S mint can make five pennies and still lose less money than making just one nickel. So to avoid paying more, bankrupting charities, and making the poor suffer more than they have to, keep the penny.

A Study on Internet Marketing Strategies

A study on online marketing strategies used by new media entrepreneurs in India. S. Vivin RichardMs. Sri Jothi M. Sc Electronic Media,Lecturer Department of Media Sciences Department of Media Sciences College of Engineering,College of Engineering Anna University, Guindy. Anna University, Chennai Abstract: This research investigates the characteristics of online marketing strategies used by new media Entrepreneurs. This research helps to understand the nature and extent of business strategies used by successful online Entrepreneurs. Nowadays, most people prefer to get first-hand information from the internet. Being a terrific medium of communication, internet not only helps people to stay informed but gives them a fair idea about the consumer market as well. Hence, it is important to analyze and utilize the power of internet technology in the best possible manner. The need is to analyze and research needs of customers who come online to satisfy their wants. 1. 2. Introduction: Internet is primarily a source of communication, information and entertainment, but increasingly, it also acts as a vehicle for commercial transactions. Since the explosion of the web as a business medium, one of its primary uses has been for marketing. Soon, the web could become a critical distribution channel for the majority of successful enterprises. (Thompson 2002) In online world, companies try their best to make their products much more physically good that actually becomes the possession of life of a customer. The concentration of internet marketing is giving a similar experience to a customer ad help him/her to get the utmost satisfaction. Internet is a large repository of information, ever expanding database and a true knowledge hub. The impact of internet over people has grown over a period of time and people started trusting internet and they bank over the internet for major activities, be it personal, official and business related. Therefore this presents the perfect scenario for the entrepreneurs to market their products across the globe, to a large customer base that their sales force cannot even dream of identifying. Getting on the wings of internet technologies, organizations can easily enhance their overall worth by reaching to new heights of success. Online companies can engage in fruitful marketing activities by using effective new media marketing strategies to boost their product offering in the online market. 1. 1 Online marketing: Advertising in internet provides a major contribution to brand competition in the market. Advertising here not only provides information about a product or service but also promotes innovation. Besides it also facilitates consumer satisfaction. Big and small companies, individuals of all walks of life, major and minor events, concepts, etc. , nowadays lay their base on online marketing to get recognized in the market (Zarrella, 2010). When eBay was started, it was just a hobby, an experiment to see if people could use the Internet to be empowered through access to an efficient market. It was really about helping people connect around a sphere of interest so they could do business. † (Pierre Omidyar, eBay) 1. 2 Aim and Objective * To study the new media marketing strategies used by dotcom Entrepreneurs in India and to determine the most effective practices for the same. To study the dotcom entrepreneurs and their strategies in India. * To analyze the new media marketing strategies used by dotcom entrepreneurs. To identify the different marketing strategies of business enterprises using new media technology. * To determine the effectiveness of new media marketing. 3. Literature Review Scott (2009) states the reasons for brand promoters preferring online web for marketing is that the tools, techniques and content are constantly evolving. The buyers reward creativity by responding to the online efforts like: â€Å"If you are open to trying out new things, you can be first in your industry to use something new to communicate to your buyers†. The rules of marketing had to change and the web has proved a catalyst in bringing the changes forward and amplifying their scale. The sudden emergence of the Web 2. 0 marketing techniques demand additional approaches, while most marketers are still wrestling with the first generation, savvy brands are exploring the landscape that social media and social networks create for marketers. These techniques are allowing much deeper drivers in social change to be unleashed, with a profound impact on planning customer connections. The new generation of relationship marketing responds to the additional challenges of digital media literacy and in the right hands can trigger a rebuild of the entire marketing mix through different strategies. Relationship marketing for the Face book generation demands both thinking and acting differently (Chaffey 2003). Stroud (2007) says that the ability of social networking sites to generate these huge volumes of web traffic is proof of their huge popularity. Google, Yahoo and News International have bought themselves a presence in the social networking arena. The detailed rationale for these acquisitions differs but all have a common theme of wanting access to the enormous audiences. Visitors to online websties as well as social networking sites are significantly more likely than average to visit leisure-oriented retail site categories, such as music, jewelry/luxury goods/ accessories, consumer electronics and apparel. People typically enjoy sharing their experiences with these products, whether it is to talk about their new iPhone or the pair of designer jeans they just bought. Social networking sites offer the venue for those conversations to occur. Online media advertising is ideal for promoting brand recognition. Still, there is no doubt that advertising via online media sites is an effective way to increase your overall revenue stream (Brinlee, 2007). 3. 1 Research Methodology To analyze and find the effective use of online marketing strategy in developing a business online, and to find the effective marketing strategy used online by online Entrepreneurs. Communication was done with the survey method and content analysis in the research. Methods of Data Collection: The survey method helped in finding out the reach of the websites with their advertisements and marketing strategies which they use online to promote their business, and the ways of impact of the online marketing strategies. And the content analysis is another method used to analyse the different kind of communication strategy and marketing strategy used by the online entrepreneurs with certain parameters among the top 10 online e-commerce websites. 3. 1. 2 Research Design: This research study adopted survey and content analysis in order to find the effectiveness and the impact of the marketing strategies used in branding any product or the service among the target market through Flipkart. com, Futurebazaar. com and Naaptol. com with respect to international market group Amazon. com and ebay. in. 3. 2 Survey: Survey was conducted randomly among young adults community, by sending questionnaire through online to collect the individual opinion from the respondents. 3. 2. 1 Sampling Method Non probability sampling was used to collect the opinion from the online respondents. Purposive sampling method in non probability sampling was used to get the results. Questionnaire is used as a tool and online media is being planned to be taken as the medium of the findings. The total population is online media user community, but to collect the effective data the sampling is constrained to the target population like young adults, graduates within the age of 16 years to 40 years.

Assess the claim that Work Choices is no radical break with the past Essay

Assess the claim that Work Choices is no radical break with the past but merely a logical and desirable development in how workplaces are regulated - Essay Example High productivity not mere dependent on higher efficiency but nowadays more on its contribution towards good and satisfying experiences as well as opportunities for employees to learn new skills and competencies required for continuous innovations and improvements. So increase in participatory approaches, high performance workplaces and learning organization processes are to key to improve the productivity. Basically high performance workplaces or productive workplaces are the places where employees are able to continuously innovate, be flexible and agile, competent, skilled motivated and dedicated as well as working together in an atmosphere of mutual respect trust and confidence, partnership & collaboration. Sustained productivity improvements depends upon enterprise’s human capital i.e. skill, knowledge, competencies, attitude of employee and also its social capital such as trust and confidence, communication, cooperative working dynamics and interaction partnership, shared values, teamwork etc. To maintain higher level of productivity, organizations need to hire the right people; facilitate them through good work organization, work environment and management practices; build and enhance their knowledge and developed them as committed, motivated and engaged enterprises with good workplace policies and practices always creates productive workplaces. All productive workplaces p ractices are based on the principles of the involvement & participation; labor management partnership respect and recognition equality & non-discrimination, competency and skills development and providing good working conditions & sharing gains. So it has been obvious that concept of collectivism, equality & non-discriminatory relationship between employer & employee, trust and faith between the to were the rood causes for sustained productivity but the new legislation of work choices and intervention by the Govt. in Australian

Commission as Naval Officer Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Commission as Naval Officer - Personal Statement Example This is based on my wide experience in the Aviation Maintenance community (Samuel 12). Through working as a Safe for Flight in Maintenance control and adequate skills I gained during my tenure as an administrator in Aviation Maintenance, I posses managerial experience, proficiency and strong leadership ability that characterize a successful Naval officer. Having worked as Administrative Leading Chief Petty Officer, my effective leadership style will not only be limited to serving my seniors with diligent but also I will portray professionalism in guiding junior sailors. After my remarkable duties as an Airman Recruit in the United States Navy, I am determined to work extra hard and end my 30 years career as a Naval officer. I am well equipped to undertake the tasks of LDO/CWO. Make me part of the Naval Community! You will experience my dedication and open mindedness. I am the â€Å"Technical Expert† who will not rest until I attain my goal of enhancing Navys

Las Vegas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Las Vegas - Essay Example We know our winning or losing is certain, yet wretch at the hollow glory gained by a shallow victory. Las Vegas explores the well-hidden lust that lies just beneath the sexually repressed exterior of the American public. This contradiction creates an illusion of sin and deviance that in reality stays just out of the grasp of the people wishing to partake of it. The closer the audience gets the more they discover there is nothing more that empty rooms surrounded by paper thin walls. Though the city appears to be rife with sex it is only an illusion created by the fantasy of violating our norms, which evaporates into a masquerade as inauthentic as the facade of any casino resort. America's fundamental belief in the Chrisitan values that the country was founded on are at the root of the illusion. People have a strong attraction to deviance yet live in a world where it is unacceptable by definition. In America, sex is the ultimate symbol of deviance. By European standards America is a modest country in terms of sexuality. In America, sex has become the Christian icon for the thing we want and the thing that is just not attainable. Ferrari and Ives write that, "We are a Puritan nation obsessed with sex, a self-proclaimed meritocracy that idolizes wealth, a hardworking, churchgoing, law-abiding people that can't wait to party all night long" (6). But the sex will have to remain a taboo to be meaningful, as it is the repression of sexuality that brings such glamour to it. "This paradoxical condition of being the aberration and yet, the dream, results in a Las Vegas that is disliked and rejected, yet seductive and pleasurable" (Firat 8). America is psychologically drawn to the forbidden fruit and at the same time is repulsed by it. People want it to be a reality but they pray that it is only a facade. Sexuality is an area where overindulgence is discouraged even while living in a society that praises consumer excess in the areas of wealth and avarice. Success in America is measured by how much materialism can be attained and flaunted. Yet, sex is the dirty little area where excess is truly taboo. Firat describes Las Vegas as "an aberration, where sleazy and illicit activities are sanctioned. Las Vegas is the excess of the American way of life, where many went to let go-the city of abandon" (8). However, norms and values as they relate to sex are not so easily abandoned in a culture that objects to even the most innocent public displays of affection. Sex in Las Vegas must necessarily remain a fantasy. These are the mixed messages that make Las Vegas a, "ridiculous manifestation of frustrated Puritanism" (Bouchet 7). People are praised for their love affections with their automobile and their public display of gluttony and greed, but expressions of sexual freedom need to remain hidd en behind the closed doors of the private mind. Sex is the one excess that American's will not emotionally tolerate and has become the national poster child for decadent behavior. It is the commodity of locker room talk and bathroom humor that is never brought into mixed company in the light of day. In Las Vegas it is expected that people will drink, gamble, and stay out all night. Family, friends, and society will excuse these violations of their personal norms. However, exploring the seamy underbelly of the sex trade would be

The Rise and Fall of The Ottoman Empire

The Rise and Fall of The Ottoman Empire Introduction The Ottoman empire was one the most successful empires and one of the most powerful civilizations of the modern period, it had many sultans that conquered many lands throughout Asia, Europe and Africa. The empire built was the most influential and the largest of the many Muslim empires. Their military and culture expanded over and into most of Europe. The empire lasted many years for it a strong janissary army and ruled many cities. The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire stretched out from a small territory near Constantinople to overthrow and control the remnant of the Byzantine empire in the late thirteenth century, Successfully seizing the empire it centralized to a Sunni Islamic state. Suleyman the Magnificent (1494-1566) the greatest ruler of the empire expanded the empire to its greatest extent; at that time it reached from the Near East west to the Balkans and south to North Africa. Although the empire began to slowly shrink after Suleyman, it persisted until overthrown in the early twentieth century. Rise of Ottomans The Ottoman Empire conquered and expanded under its Sultan Selim I, who ruled from (1512 to1520). But his son Sultan Suleyman, he strove the Ottoman Empire to conquering many and most of its lands, Sultan Suleyman conquered great cities, and brought military machines, a lasting culture to the great Ottoman Empire. Most of the history of this empire lies on the achievements around this one ruler who was high minded and had lots of dignity and pride. Suleyman called was now called â€Å"The Magnificent† for his numerous achievements and was also named the â€Å"Law-Giver† for the laws he established as he conquered many cities. Suleyman ruled with self-respect and fairness according to the Ottoman political theory. In the Ottoman state, most of the power rested with the monarch. The Monarchs main idea was to establish justice, it meant shielding the poor and the helpless from shady officials and unfair taxation.The Sultan had a central bureaucracy, which was led by the Gr and Vizier, to be able to govern the Empire. He also had the authority to capsize the verdicts of the courts if he thought that the decisions were unjust. This did not put the Sultan above law instead he was chosen as the keeper of a lawful government and fair government.The Sultan was given the title of â€Å"Caliph† as well, meaning the supreme leader of Islam. When Suleyman became grew of old age, his two sons plotted to remove him from power and achieve access to the crown. The crown in the empire did not pass from father to son or to the next oldest brother but, it was given to the most worthy successor. Because of this, there was always a struggle for the crown. Once a successor was crowned, the other contenders were killed to eliminate any future competition as well as to have full control and restore order. This devilish practice was later removed and replaced by making the eldest son the heir and he should be kept insulated in a lavish imprisonment. Imperial Expansion: once the dynastic civil war was done, the determined Mehemed II the conqueror, who many people considered the real creator of the empire, brought in European artillery knowledge and took his newly built navy across Pera into an inlet of the Bosporus, to attack both the seaward and landward walls of Constantinople to conquer the city. He later renamed is Istanbul. Selim the Grim who created an Ottoman navy, which effectively captured Mesopotamia, Egypt and Syria by capturing these countries he was able to aquire the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. Suleyman the Magnificents reign was the main cause of the Ottomans expansion and its importance. He made his way through Europe conquering many places. The culture of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire evolved and expanded over several centuries, as the ruling organization of theTurksabsorbed, modified and adapted the cultures of many different dominated lands and their peoples. There was a powerful influence from the languages and customs ofIslamicsocieties. Throughout its history, the Ottoman Empire had large subject populations ofJews, and Byzantine Greeks, who were allowed a certain amount of independence under themilletsystem of the powerful Ottoman government. However, as the Ottomans moved further into the west and the incorporation of the Balkan and Greek populations progressed, the Turkish and Arabic-Persian-Greek influenced culture of its leaders, for itself to absorbed some of the culture of the conquered peoples. Islam in the Ottoman Empire When the Ottomans conquered Medina and Mecca, the Empire achieved speculative leadership privileges over mostly all the Muslim Sunni states. The Ulama helped the sultan by watching and accepting his actions under the Islamic law. Charitable foundations supplied schools and mosques. Ottoman Society Five classes were divided among the people of the Ottoman Empire: First, was the ruling class, all of who were linked to the sultan. Under the ruling class were the merchant class, which had a largely free form of government taxation and regulation. The Artisans were a separate class; they organized themselves according to guilds. The largest group in the Ottoman Empire was the peasant class. They farmed leased land. The leased land was passed along from generation to generation. The final groups were the pastoral people. They were clans and tribes who lived by their own rules under the guidance of their chiefs, who swore allegiance to the Ottoman sultan. Ottoman Law The legal system approved in the Ottoman law was the religious law over its subjects. The Empire always planned around a system of jurisprudence (the science of philosophy and law). Power in the Ottoman Empire revolved around the administration of the rights to land, which gave space for local authority to develop local crops. The Ottoman Empire aimed to permit the incorporation of religious and cultural different groups. Ottomans had different court systems: One for non-Muslims which appointed Jews and Christians to rule over their religious communities and another for Muslims, the sultan ruled these laws but he could also interfere with the court laws of non-Muslims if needed to. Army and Military ranks of the Ottoman Empire The Cavalry: Until the mid of the 18th century the spihai cavalry formed the most of the Ottoman armies, Numbered around fourty thousand men half of them were from European provinces. Regular timar fiefs supported one horseman, the larger zaemets were expected to equip mounted retainers. The Largest were the hass fiefs of the Sultans family, favorite ministers and viziers. Spihais lived in a village, work their own lands, and pay the peasants for most of their services and gained no salary. The Infantry: Infantry forces in the Ottoman state went by many confusing names, meaning that would change over the centuries. The first were azaps. Most of these were Anatolian Turks and in the beginning were only paid how long a campaign was. After a while they got regular salaries and they acted as garrison troops. The Gonulluyan which were called volunteer infantry, they could be Muslim or Christian, and were supported similarly like their neighbor villagers. The Voyniks were Balkan Christians, first recorded as the infantry followers of Christian siphais that fight under Murat I The Janissaries The janissaries were two institutions created by sultans of the Ottoman Empire and they were the military organization and civil service. This institution came from the practice by ottomans leaders in Anatolia of hiring prisoners as troops. During the conquest of the Balkans they took slaves which later became slaves of the sultan. These salves were Christian but were brought up as Muslims and were devoted to loyalty the sultan and islam. The better troops were enrolled in the palace corps, trained to become officials in the Ruling Institution. The rest were taught military education and later became part of the janissary army. They were known to be the best and most effective soldiers of Europe. The Decline of the Ottoman Empire One primary cause for the decline of the Empire was the decline of the Sultanate. The Sultanate was a powerful organization where the sultan would chose a capable successor from his many sons. Over periods of time the sultanate weakened gradually. The weakening of the empire began late in the ruling of Suleyman the Magnificent. Although he was the height of the Golden Age, Suleyman became less concerned with the affairs of state added to that his two qualified successors went against him, they were later executed. As Selim II became Sultan he did not have much experience in the running of the government. He was fond of physical pleasures rather than taking the governing responsibility seriously. After him the decline of the Sultanate continued. Because the brothers of the Sultans were restricted in the harem, they became incompetent. Another reason to the decline of the empire was that the Sultans deserted the tradition of training their sons in related affairs and government. The co llapse of the empire focused mainly on the corruption of the governments control over the empire. Added to this problem was the major factor which was the change in the balance of power. Because of the Ottoman military division called the janissary kept fighting and always conquering new lands and became the most powerful state in the world. As time passed the janissaries and their fighting methods became old-fashioned and no longer became a army that was unmatched. In the end, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, the government declined with the degeneration of the sultanate as well as the Ottomans failed to industrialize and the empire was destroyed when war overwhelmed it during World War I. Conclusion As stated above, the Ottoman Empire was the greatest and one of many empires that still leads influence and remembrance throughout history. It had many great leaders and each brought great changes through their reigns in the empire. The Ottoman Empire accepted many religions and brought in many cultures, their established laws caused people to move to its empire but in the end all great empires fail to maintain their strong and well built structure. Unfortunately the Ottoman Empire dealt with bad economic outcomes and fail leadership of its sultanate which caused its fall and collapse.